送交者: guoguoting 于 北京时间 01/05/2010 (攻击期间计数暂停)

主题：评：宗教的思索

[博讯(博客)文坛评论] [1] From a psychoanalytic point of view,(Sigmund Freud and Abram Kardiner) religion are projective system; belief about gods are modeled after children`s ideas about their parents. Religious s-y-stem affected by economic crises and contacts with other cultures, sometimes precipitating nativistic, messianic, and nationalistic cults of considerable dynamism. P 302,311 Victor Barnouw, àn introduction of Anthropology Ethnology, 5ed, the Dorsey Press 1987.

[2] For several decades, Antony Flew has been among the most influential of atheist thinkers. In late 2004, it was reported that Flew had changed his mind and accepted the existence of God. He continues, however, to reject all purported divine revelation, along with any possibility of an afterlife, describing himself as a deist rather than as a theist.

[3] Nature worship may also stem from animistic beliefs. Trees, rivers, animals, and plants may all be seen as having souls and thus may be worshiped. From this pattern arose the polytheistic pantheons of civilized and near civilized peoples, in which different gods were believed to control different aspects of nature:the rain, thunder, earth, sea, sun, and moon.P.291 Victor Barnouw, àn introduction of Anthropology Ethnology, 5ed, the Dorsey Press 1987.

[4] 。 In visions dreams, states of trance, and possession human beings receive convincing support for the existence of the gods and spirits in which they believe.P.295 ,Victor Barnouw, àn introduction of Anthropology Ethnology, 5ed, the Dorsey Press 1987.

[5] Certain features that are not universal such as the belief in a s-upreme being, the notion of reward and punishment after death, the worship of idols, belief in possession and the practice of sacrifice. Edward B. Tylor, Primitive Culture (1877) P.290 Victor Barnouw, àn introduction of Anthropology Ethnology, 5ed, the Dorsey Press 1987.

[6] Most religious s-y-stems represent a complex mixture of animism and a-nimatisms （The attribution of consciousness and personality to natural phenomena such as thunderstorms and earthquakes and to objects such as plants and stones）, religion and magic.All societies there are several items that concern religion, have religious rituals and the custom of propitiation supernatural beings, beliefs of some sort about the soul and life after death, funeral rites and mourning customs, divination, magic. P.289 ，Victor Barnouw, àn introduction of Anthropology Ethnology, 5ed, the Dorsey Press 1987.

[7] What is religion? It is impossible to have a universal accepted definition, for different people have various opinions. A apologist for Christianity, Schleiermacher, defined religion in terms of 'the feeling of absolute dependence upon God';

[8] a famous religion scholar, Edward Tyler, defined religion as 'belief in spiritual being';

[9] a another religion scholar, James Frazer ,defined religion as 'a propitiation or conciliation of powers superior to man';

[10] a philosopher, Whitehead, defined religion as ' what the individual does with his solitariness';

[11] Karl Barth said that “all religion is the fruitless human quest for God”.

[12] a author, Rudolf Otto defined religion as 'a unique, original feeling response…which claims consideration in its own right';

[13] and the well-known psychologist, Freud even described religion as 'a universal obsessional neurosiswhich might be thought a curious phrase since neurosis is normally taken to refer to abnormal rather that not to ‘universal’ behaviour. Jung believed that religion had an important part to play in developing a healthy and balanced personality. Whilst Freud saw religion as a s-y-mptom of disease, Jung regarded the absence of religion as an important source of psychological problems.’

[14] French Sociologist (1858-1917)defined religion as "a unified s-y-stem of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things."

[15] We shall define religion as a set of beliefs and patterned behaviours concerned with supernatural being and forces. P.286 Gary Ferraro, Cultural Anthropology an Applied Perspective ,West Publishing Company, 2ed Edition 1995,

[16] Religion is defined as a set of beliefs and practices aimed at ordering the relationship of human beings to the supernatural.P.189, Mari Womack, Being human an Introduction to Cultural Anthropology, 1998 by Prentice Hall Inc.

[17] E.B.Tylor argued that animism (belief in spiritual beings) is the core of religion, from which all other aspects of religion sprang, including concepts of possession and fetishism, beliefs in an afterlife, ancestor worship, and the worship of nature gods. The basic belief in spirits developed naturally from peoples experiences of dreaming and their reflections about dreams trance states, illness, and death. The monotheism was a late development in the evolution of religion.

Animatism is belief in an impersonal supernatural power, like mana,. Religion may emphasize either the personal, animistic aspects of the supernatureal world or its impersonal, animatistic aspects. P 310,Victor Barnouw, àn introduction of Anthropology Ethnology, 5ed, the Dorsey Press 1987.

[18] 。 Religion can be defined as a set of beliefs and practices, a social s-y-stem, through which people seek mental and physical harmony with the powers of the universe, through which we attempt to influence the awesome forces of nature, life and death. P.211. Terry G. Jordan, Mona Domosh, Lester Rowntree, A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography, 6ed, 1994, Harper Collins.

[19] Religion has been defined as ``a kind of human behaviour, which can be classified as belief s and ritual concerned with supernatural beings, powers, and forces``Anthony F.C. Wallace, Religion: An Anthropological View Random House, 1966, p.5. see P.413,Conrad Phillip Kotak Anthropology The Exploration of Human Diversity 4ed, Random House, 1987.

[20] Religion: the belief in and worship of a God or gods. A particular s-y-stem of faith and worship.P.755 Oxford Paperback Dictionary Thesaurus & Wordpower Guide.

[21] Religion belief in the life of the spirit and usu.in one or more gods, esp. the belief that it / they made the world and can control it. A particular s-y-stem of this belief and the worship, behaviour, etc, connected with it. P1272朗文当代高级英语辞典

[22] 。 religio religionis, to care for, to respect, allied to . The feeling of reverence which men entertain toward a Supreme Being; the recognition of God as an object of worship, love, and obedience; piety; any s-y-stem of faith and worship. P.708 The New Webster Encyclopedic Dictionary of the English Language.

[23] Religion is belief in a god or gods and the activities that are connected with this belief, such as praying or worshipping in a building such a church or temple. A religion is a particular s-y-stem of belief in a god or gods and the activities that are connected with this s-y-stem. P.1214 Collins Cobuild Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary

[24] The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition copyright ©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2003. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1. a. Belief in and reverence for a supernatural power or powers regarded as creator and governor of the universe.b. A personal or institutionalized s-y-stem grounded in such belief and worship.

[25] Collins Essential English Dictionary 2nd Edition 2006 © HarperCollins Publishers 2004, 20061. belief in or worship of a supernatural power or powers considered to be divine or to have control of human destiny 2. any formal expression of such belief

[26] Password English Learner’s Dictionary © 1986-2008 K Dictionaries Ltd and partners. All rights reserved. 1 a belief in, or the worship of, a god or gods. godsdiens 2 a particular s-y-stem of belief or worship Christianity and Islam are two different religions.



[27] Buddhism four noble truths: life is full of suffering; desire is the cause of this suffering; cessation of suffering comes with the quelling of desire; and an eight fold path of proper personal conduct and meditation permits the individual to overcome desire. P.220. Terry G. Jordan, Mona Domosh, Lester Rowntree, A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography, 6ed, 1994, Harper Collins.

[28] The six dimensions of religion。Religion has ritual(expressed in worship, sacrifice, and other sacred acts), m-ythstories which encapsulate fundamental beliefs of a group), doctrine(s-y-stematization of beliefs and experiences), ethics(moral codes and guides to behaviour), social(institutional forms of religion), experiential(personal spiritual experiences) six dimensions:

[29] 陈尔晋《圣灵福音》。

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